Moreover, sustainable production increasingly demands for more flexible usage of chemical reactors accessing broader operation ranges and faster load changes. Especially for chemical energy conversion systems, as currently evaluated in the context of Power-to-X, these reactors are decisive for the overall process efficiency. Chemical reactors for CO 2 hydrogenation play a crucial role in setting up sustainable production chains (e.g., via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis, CO 2 methanation, CO methanation, methanol synthesis, reverse water-gas shift). Ignoring uniqueness and multiplicity would disregard a broad operating range and thus a substantial potential for reactor resilience and flexibility.Ĭurrently, we see many incentives for more sustainable chemicals and energy carrier production based on CO 2 and H 2. The criteria derived in this work are applicable to any exothermic reaction and reactors at any scale. ![]() In consequence, generally accepted back-mixing criteria (e.g., Mears’ criterion) appear insufficient for real non-isothermal reactors. The new criteria indicate that thermo-kinetic multiplicities induced by back-mixing remain relevant even for high Bodenstein numbers. Furthermore, the connection to other reactor features such as runaway and parametric sensitivity is demonstrated and exemplified for CO 2 methanation under realistic conditions. ![]() Based on a continuous stirred tank reactor cascade modeling approach, this work derives novel criteria for stability, multiplicity, and uniqueness applicable to real reactors with finite back-mixing. Therefore steady-state multiplicity and stability are essential measures, but so far, their quantification is primarily accessible for ideal reactor concepts with zero or infinite back-mixing. In this context, the resilience and flexibility to changing operating conditions become major objectives for the design and operation of real industrial-scale reactors. With the increasing need to utilize carbon dioxide, fixed-bed reactors for catalytic hydrogenation will become a decisive element for modern chemicals and energy carrier production. 2Chair for Process Systems Engineering, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.1Process Systems Engineering, Max Planck Institute for Dynamics of Complex Technical Systems, Magdeburg, Germany.
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